The Mechanization. Ploughs.
1. VOCABULARY
to attach — прикріплювати, приєднувати
conventional — звичайний
with up to six mouldboards — з числом полиць, що досягає шести
right-handed mouldboard — право-стороння полиця
to produce a very level surface — давати дуже рівну поверхню
the soil engaging parts — ґрунтоза-хватні частини
coulter — різак, чересло плуга
to cut — зрізувати
plough — плуг
digger — плуг з передплужником
to plough — орати
angle — кут
conventional and reversible ploughs — звичайні і реверсні плуги
automatically draudht-controlled — з автоматичним регулюванням тяги
in this case — у цьому випадку
soil — ґрунт
seedbed — рілля, підготовлений до посіву ґрунт
frame — рама
furrow — борозна
slice — пласт
reversible — оборотний, реверсний
root crops — коренеплоди
to rotate — обертатися
mouldboard — полиця плуга
share — сошник, леміш
trailed — причіпний
deep — глибокий
tine — зуб
depth — глибина
idle running on the headlands — холостий пробіг на незораному кінці лану
а hand-operated lever — ручний важіль
a doubleacting ram — циліндр двосторонньої дії
2. READ THE TEXT “PLOUGHS”
The plough has been used in its different forms for many centuries. It has become the main implement used for the preparation of seedbeds. A plough is an implement with one or more mouldboards which cut and turn the soil. Modern ploughs are commonly fully mounted on the tractor hydraulic system. Some are semi-mounted with the front supported by the tractor hydraulic linkage and the rear by one or more wheels, a semi-mounted plough is not lifted off the ground. The number of mouldboards on a plough will depend on the type of soil and the tractor size. Ploughs with up to six mouldboards are in common use. There are three main types of ploughs: Conventional ploughs with right-handed mouldboards. They are usually fully mounted but some semi-mounted and trailed models are also in use. Reversible ploughs having leftand right-handed mouldboards, we can plough up and down in the same furrow. Most of them are mounted but some of the larger models are semi-mounted. Reversible ploughs produce a very level surface. Disc ploughs are rarely used in Great Britain. In place of the mouldboards they have large rotating discs which cut and turn the soil slice. Both right-handed and reversible types are being produced. The soil engaging parts, disc coulter and the body of the plough are attached to legs, whish are in turn bolted to the plough frame. The base of a plough body is called the frog, the soil engaging part being bolted to it. The share cuts the bottom of the furrow slice. The mouldboard lifts and turns the furrow slice.There are many types of mouldboards each producing its special surface. The disc coulter cuts the side of the furrow that is to be turned. There are various types of plough body, each having its special use. The main types common in Great Britain are general-purpose type and digger type. The general-purpose type is useful for the general ploughing work. The digger type is used for deep ploughing, generally for root crops.
3. ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS:
1. How long has the plough been used?
2. What has the plough become?
3. What kind of an implement is the plough?
4. Where are ploughs usually mounted?
5. Are all ploughs fully mounted?
6. Is a semi-mounted plough lifted off the ground?
7. What will the number of mouldboards depend on?
8. What ploughs are in common use?
9. How many main types of ploughs are there?
10. Are all conventional ploughs fully mounted?
11. Can we plough with a reversible plough up and down in the same furrow?
12. What do the reversible ploughs produce?
13. Are disc ploughs often used in Great Britain?
14. What do disc ploughs have in place of mouldboards?
15. What are the soil-engaging parts, disc coulter and the body of the plough attached to?
16. What kind of work does the share do?
17. What kind of work does the mouldboard do?
18. Are there many types of mouldboards?
19. What are the main types of the plough body?
20. What is the digger type used for?