The Mechanization. Tractors.

I. VOCABULARY

linkage — зчеплення, важільний механізм, важільна передача

three-point linkage — триточковий навісний пристрій

to drive (drove, driven) — керувати,проводити в дію

the regular servicing — регулярне обслуговування

to cultivate — обробляти землю, вирощувати

general-purpose — загального користування

to supply — постачати

implement — причіпне знаряддя

road making — будівництво доріг

PTO shaft — вал відбору потужності

track load — слід, гусениця вантаж

tyre — шина, покришка

crawler — гусеничний трактор

belt pulley — привідний шків

shaft — вал

to mount — монтувати, навіщувати

dam building — будівництво дамб

grip — зчеплення із землею, захват

pulley — блок, шків

wheeled tractor — колісний тракнеобхідний — збільшувати вимірювати

four-wheel-drive tractors — трактори з приводом на 4 колеса

equally-sized —однакового розміру

at least — принаймні

II. READ THE TEXT “TRACTORS”

Tractor is useful when it supplies power to machines. Power can be supplied by the tractor in various forms. The tractor can pull or push machines, it can supply power to machines from the power-take-off shaft and it can drive machines by means of a belt from a belt pulley. The tractor power is produced by the engine and is measured by horsepowers (hp) or kilowatts. There are tractors with engine power from 3 to 300 hp. Tractors are classified according to the maximum power that their engine can produce. The crawlers or track laying tractors are large. They are used for heavy operations, such as road making or dam building. Large tracks increase the grip of the tractor on the ground and the crawlers are able to push or pull heavy loads and machines. Most of the tractors have tyres which can be placed closer or farther apart according to the distance between the rows that must be cultivated. Wheeled tractors may have mounted implements and machines on them. This is done by the three-point linkage, There are tractors with diesel or gasoline engines. The diesel engine will use less fuel than the gasoline engine for the same work done. The regular servicing of tractors is necessary because it provides the tractor's useful work. The fuel should be clean and have no water. If the engine is water-cooled one must be sure that there is water in the radiator, The radiator should be clean. The oil has to be changed regularly.

III. ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS ON THE TEXT:
1. In what forms can power be supplied by the tractor?

2. What operations can the tractor do?

3. By what means can the tractor drive machines?

4. What is produced by the engine?

5. How is the tractor power measured?

6. How are tractors classified?

7.What are the crawlers able to push or pull?

8. What are the crawlers used for?

9. How can tyres be placed?

10. What tractors have implements and machines mounted on them?

11. What engines will use less fuel?

12. Why is the regular servicing of tractors necessary?

13. What should the fuel be?

IV.TRANSLATE INTO UKRAINIAN “MODERN TRACTORS”

Modern farm tractors can do various job very effectively. Modern farm tractor can: 1)pull or push machines; 2) operate implements mounted upon it by means of the three-point linkage; 3) transmit power by means of its PTOshaft; 4) drive machines by belt power; 5) transmit power by means of shafts; 6) supply power for different operations; 7) generate electricity. There are various types of farm tractors: wheeled tractors, and track laying tractors or crawlers, general-purpose tractors, large field tractors and garden tractors, Crawlers are also necessary in agriculture, they are usually used for heavy operations such as road making and dam building. All the crawlers have tracks which must increase the grip of the crawler on the ground. They have low operating speeds but they can pull or push heavy loads and machines.

V.COMPARE THE FOLLOWING PAIRS OF THE SENTENCES. WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THEM?

1. An electric spark ignites the fuel. The fuel is ignited by an electric spark. 2. The engineers used the first diesel engine in 1931. The first diesel engine was used by the engineers in 1931. 3. The tractor will supply power. Power will be supplied by the tractor 4. The engine produced power. The power was produced by the engine. 5. Our plant will produce new engines. New engines will be produced by our plant.

VI. TRANSLATE INTO ENGLISH:

1. Трактор може тягнути або штовхати машини, а також передавати свою потужність до машин від валу відбору потужності. 2. Трактори класифікується відповідно до максимальної потужності, яку можуть виробляти їх двигуни. 3. Більшість тракторів мають шини, які можуть знаходитись далі або ближче залежно до відстані між міжряддями. 4. Колісні трактори можуть мати навісні знаряддя, які кріпляться з допомогою три точкового навісного пристрою. 5. Є трактори з дизельними і бензиновими двигунами. 6. Трактори потребують регулярного обслуговування. 7. Паливо має бути чистим і не містити води. 8. Потрібно регулярно змінювати масло. 9. Оранка здійснюється з допомогою чотирьохколісних та гусеничних тракторів. 10. Трактор загального призначення виконує всі польові та фермерські роботи.