Work on this topic

Lesson 12

The Land –Surveying and Mapping             

1. Words to master:

to have to do with - мати справу з чим-небудь

location of points - місце знаходження точок

terrestrial objects - наземні об'єкти

angle - кут

terrestrial lines - наземні лінії

incidental - випадковий

volume - об'єм                                          

cross-section - поперечне січення

field work - польові роботи

office work - камеральні роботи

compute  - підраховувати

draw - креслити

scale - масштаб(мірило)

ratio - відношення

length - довгота, довжина                 

frequently - часто

fraction - дріб

 2.     Read and translate the text:

The Land –Surveying and Mapping

      The object of plane and geodetic surveying (or Geodesy from the Greek words earth, land and to divide) is the measurement of land and the study of the form and the size of the Earth. It forms the practical counterpart of

Geometry - the science arisen in ancient Greece which studies superficial and solid figures.                                                     

       Surveying is extensively used in everyday life. Plotting of planes and mapping, setting out of engineering work, construction of rail-and motor- roads, of irrigation and navigable canals, of pipelines, tunnels, subways, etc, all require an active participation of the surveyor. He is also a prominent figure in land reclamation, forestry and mining projects as well as in town-planning.

       Railway engineers resort to surveying both in the designing and building of railways, in the improvement and repairs of tracks and structures and for the purpose of routine verification and checks to ascertain whether tracks are intact or are misaligned and call for preventive repairs. When the results of a horizontal survey are plotted out at a reduced scale or paper we obtain the plan of a site.

           The longitudinal profile and the cross-section, which names derive from their relative positions on the site, are diminished graphical representation of a section across a site.

The map is a graphical representation on a sheet of paper of very large areas of land. Mapping is always carried out with due consideration to the spherical shape of the globe.

 3.     Answer the questions:

a)     What is the object of land surveying?

b)     What is the origin of Geometry?

c)     How does surveying used in every day life?

d)     What are the functions of surveyors?

e)     How are the results of surveying processed?

 4. Read and translate the sentences in the text with the words and expressions from ex.1.

 5.     Make up dialogues using the text.