Master new words and word combination and do the tasks to the text

Lesson 6

Lesson 6

Surveying Development

1.     Words to master:

surveying - зйомка

treatise - трактат

original - прототип

preserved - який зберігся

evidence - доказ

necessitate - необхідним

guild - організація

remarkable - видатний

ingenious - винахідливий

groove - жолобок

plumb bob - тягар

 2.     Make up six sentences using the words from the word list above.

 3.     Read and translate the text:

Surveying Development

The real development of surveying as an art came through the Romans with their practical minds and their progress in engineering work. The best known Roman treatise on surveying was by Frontinus. While the original manuscript has been lost, there have portions preserved. This noted Roman engineer and surveyor, who lived in the first century was a pioneer in his work and his treatise remained the standard for many years.

The great genius of the Romans for engineering is evidenced by their extensive works of construction throughout the Empire, which necessitated so much surveying that there was a well organized guild of surveyors. They developed some most ingenious instruments which produced remarkable results.

Among these were the Groma used for sighting; the Libela, an A-frame with plumb bobs used for leveling and and Chorobates a horizontal "straight-edge" about twenty feet long with supporting legs and a groove on top for water to act as a level.

 4.     Give Ukrainian equivalents to the following words and expressions:

a)     development of surveying

b)    best known

c)     original manuscript

d)    extensive works

e)     ingenious instruments

f)      remarkable results

g)    supporting legs

h)    plumb bobs used for leveling

 5.     Complete the sentences:

a)     The best known Roman treatise………..

b)    While the original manuscript has been……………

c)     Among these were the Groma used for …………

d)    The great genius of the Romans for engineering is…………..

e)     This noted Roman engineer and surveyor……………..

 6.     Answer the questions:

a)     Who brought the real development of surveying?

b)     What is the best known Roman treatise?

c)     What are the engeniouse instruments the Romans developed?